Background: Unmet medical needs remain in patients with

Escape from immune surveillance is a hallmark of cancer. Immune deregulation caused by intrinsic and extrinsic cellular factors, such as altered T cell functions, leads to immune exhaustion, loss of immune surveillance, and clonal proliferation of tumoral cells. The T cell immune system contributes to the pathogenesis, maintenance, and progression of myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS).

Risk stratification and prognostication are crucial for the appropriate management of patients with

The genetic underpinnings of myeloid neoplasms are becoming increasingly well understood. The accessibility to sequencing technology, in particular next-generation sequencing (NGS), has highlighted the importance of gene mutations in

Patients with MDS often suffer from anemia, and less often

The diagnosis of

Morphologic characterization remains a cornerstone in the diagnosis and classification of

The